T 1988/12 - Plant product-by-process claim

Key points

• In this examination appeal, a claim for a plant solely defined as obtainable by two (alternative) processes was found to be not clear.
• " In the case of claims to a product drafted in a product-by-process style, the requirement of Article 84 EPC that the claims be clear has the aim of ensuring that the skilled person is able to determine, either from the claim alone, or by construction of the claim in the light of the description, or by construction in the light of the skilled person's common general knowledge, which identifiable and unambiguous technical features are imparted to the product by the process through which it is defined." 
• Quite interesting, the Board finds that it is not enough that a skilled person can determine whether a given product is infringing or not by analyzing the product.
• " While the board agrees that Article 84 EPC does not prescribe any particular way of meeting its requirement for clarity, it cannot agree that the claim is necessarily "clear if a skilled person (ie a plant breeder) can determine whether or not a candidate plant falls within its terms". Such an approach requires that to understand the claim, the skilled person be in possession of a candidate plant []. In the board's view, the suggestion that the skilled person has to rely on an analysis of a potentially infringing product to know what the subject-matter for which protection is sought actually is, runs counter to the purpose of Article 84 EPC (see point 6., above). 
• The Board furthermore finds that the genetic information in the genome of the claimed plants is unknown, and that "thus at least one of the characterising technical features imparted to the claimed plants by the process is unknown and claim 1 is therefore considered as unclear." 
• As a comment, the allowed claims in the Tomatoes III case did not recite genetic information, but were not defined as process-by-process claims either.

EPO T 1988/12 - link

IV. Claim 1 of the main request and of auxiliary requests 1 and 2 reads as follows:

"1. A progeny plant obtainable by a method comprising:

(a) crossing a plant that
       (i) has a spring growth habit and is of a line deposited as ATCC accession number PTA-6776, PTA-6779, PTA-6777, PTA-6781, PTA-6780, or PTA 6778; or as NCIMB accession number 41388, 41389, 41390, or 41391; or
      (ii) has a winter growth habit and is of a line deposited as NCIMB accession number 41392, 41393, 41394, 41395, 41396, 41397, or number 41398;
with another Brassica plant to yield seed;
(b) growing the Brassica seed of step (a) to yield a derived plant; and
(c) optionally repeating the crossing and growing of steps (a) and (b) for successive generations to produce further plants derived from said Brassica plant;

or (a) producing progeny of a plant that
              (i) has a spring growth habit and is of a line deposited as ATCC accession number PTA-6776, PTA-6779, or PTA-6777; or as NCIMB accession number 41388 or 41389; or
              (ii) has a winter growth habit and is of a line deposited as NCIMB accession number 41392, 41393, 41394, 41395, 41396, 41397, or number 41398
by doubled haploidy;
and (d) selecting a descendent plant, wherein (a) a solid component of the seed of the progeny plant comprises a glucosinolate level of less than 30 mymoles per gram of oil-free solid; (b) oil of the seed of the progeny plant comprises less than 2% erucic acid; (c) said progeny plant has a 50% flowering time of between about 30 to 90 days; and (d) said progeny are representative of a population having an SSDI % score which is less than about 60% of the SSDI% score,  in the case of a spring growth habit, of Pioneer Hi-Bred variety 46A65 or 46A76 or of the mean SSDI% score of the two varieties, or in the case of a winter growth habit, of the variety Columbus, or of the variety Express, or of the mean SSDI% score of the two varieties, under the same environmental and disease conditions in the field."

Reasons for the Decision

The invention

1. The invention disclosed in the application relates to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum resistant Brassica plants (see for instance, page 1, paragraph 1 of the application as filed).

Main and auxiliary requests 1 and 2

Claim 1

Article 84 EPC - Clarity

2. In an appeal relating to a decision of an examining division refusing a European patent application, the board of appeal has the power to examine whether the application or the invention to which it relates meets the requirements of the EPC. Hence the board can consider requirements that the examining division did not take into consideration in the examination proceedings or which it regarded as having been met (decision G 10/93, OJ EPO 1995, 172, Headnote). The objections under Article 84 EPC below were raised in view of Article 111(1) EPC.

3. The subject-matter of claim 1 is a Brassica plant characterised solely by a process by which it is obtainable. In one alternative, the process comprises crossing a plant that has a spring or winter growth habit and is of a line deposited as one of the recited ATCC or NCIMB accession numbers with another Brassica plant to yield seed, followed by growing that Brassica seed to yield further plants, then, from these, selecting a descendent plant having the phenotypic traits (a) to (d), where (a) to (c) represent the traits characteristic of canola and (d) represents the Sclerotinia resistance trait (see section IV.IV. , above). The claim is therefore a so-called product-by-process claim (Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office, "CLBA", 8th edition 2016, II.A.7.1).

4. According to the established case law of the boards, product-by-process claims are considered to be directed to the product as such, in which a process instead of, for example, its structure or composition, is used to define a feature or features of the product (see for example, G 2/12, OJ EPO 2016, A27, reasons IV (2) and (5); T 150/82, OJ EPO 1984, 309, reasons 10).

5. All claims, including claims drafted in the product-by-process style, must fulfil the clarity requirement of Article 84 EPC.

6. Article 84 EPC stipulates, inter alia, that "the claims shall define the matter for which protection is sought" and that "they shall be clear". The purpose of claims under the EPC is to enable the determination of the protection conferred by the patent or patent application (Article 69 EPC) and thus the rights of the patent owner within the designated contracting states (Article 64 EPC), having regard to the patentability requirements of Articles 52 to 57 EPC. Therefore, the claimed subject-matter must be defined so that the public is left in no doubt about what the subject-matter for which protection is sought actually is (cf. CLBA, supra, II.A 1.1 and decision G 2/88, OJ EPO 1990, 93, reasons 2.5).

7. In the case of claims to a product drafted in a product-by-process style, the requirement of Article 84 EPC that the claims be clear has the aim of ensuring that the skilled person is able to determine, either from the claim alone, or by construction of the claim in the light of the description, or by construction in the light of the skilled person's common general knowledge, which identifiable and unambiguous technical features are imparted to the product by the process through which it is defined.

8. It was not disputed by the appellant that, as a consequence of the process features, the subject-matter of claim 1 includes Brassica plants whose phenotype corresponds to the selection criteria (a) to (d) set out in selection step (d) of claim 1 and which phenotype is due to the presence in their genome of genetic information identical to that present in the genome of seeds deposited with the ATCC or the NCIMB whose accession numbers are recited in step (a) of claim 1.

9. On the subject of clarity of claim 1, the appellant argues inter alia "that neither the sequences responsible for the trait nor, for example, molecular marker information that locates the trait in the genome, are required for compliance with Article 84 EPC" and that "the claim is clear if a skilled person, (ie a plant breeder in this case) can determine whether or not a candidate plant falls within its terms" (see section VIII.VIII. , above).

10. While the board agrees that Article 84 EPC does not prescribe any particular way of meeting its requirement for clarity, it cannot agree that the claim is necessarily "clear if a skilled person (ie a plant breeder) can determine whether or not a candidate plant falls within its terms". Such an approach requires that to understand the claim, the skilled person be in possession of a candidate plant so that this candidate plant can, for example, be phenotyped or have its breeding pedigree checked, as proposed in the second Patel declaration. In the board's view, the suggestion that the skilled person has to rely on an analysis of a potentially infringing product to know what the subject-matter for which protection is sought actually is, runs counter to the purpose of Article 84 EPC (see point 6., above). It is true that, in the course of the assessment of the clarity of a claim, the boards sometimes consider the question of whether or not the claimed subject-matter is defined in such a way as to allow a third party, such as a potential infringer, to determine whether or not he is working in the scope of the claim, but only as a secondary consideration (cf. decision T 967/10, reasons 14).

11. Thus, the board considers it necessary to determine the technical information that is conveyed by the feature of the presence in the genome of the claimed plants of genetic information identical to that present in the genome of the deposited seeds.

12. It is undisputed that the skilled person cannot derive from the claim per se the explicit structural or informational nature of this genetic information, in terms of, e.g. its sequence or genetic markers for its identification. Neither the description, the skilled person's common general knowledge nor the deposit numbers, convey such information.

13. Consequently, the process through which the claimed plant is defined does not impart identifiable and unambiguous technical features to it and in particular, the genetic information present in the genome of the claimed plants is unknown. Thus at least one of the characterising technical features imparted to the claimed plants by the process is unknown and claim 1 is therefore considered as unclear.

14. In its communication pursuant to Article 15(1) RPBA, the board referred to decision T 967/10 as relating to a similar factual and legal situation as the case under appeal. The appellant did not agree, arguing that the facts of the present case differed (see sections V. and VIII., above).

15. The board, however, is of the view that the factual situation in the present case closely parallels that underlying decision T 967/10. In that case, the responsible board also held a claim to a plant characterised by process features with reference to deposited seed to be unclear (Id., reasons 2 to 9). The fact that plants having a similar phenotype were known in the prior art was only a secondary consideration in that case, the primary one being the unknown nature of the genetic information present in the genome of the claimed plants (Id., reasons 10 and 11).

16. In view of the above considerations, the board concludes that claim 1 of the main and auxiliary requests 1 and 2 lacks clarity and thus does not fulfil the requirements of Article 84 EPC.