T 1788/19 - CGK provides the solution

Key points

•  "The Examining Division concluded that the skilled person would be led to the claimed solution on the basis of the common general knowledge familiar to the person skilled in the art. In order to assess this argument it is first necessary to establish which "art" we are talking about and who the skilled person is."
• The Board: "according to the problem-solution approach, the starting point for defining the appropriate "person skilled in the art" is the objective technical problem to be solved (see Case Law of the Boards of Appeal, 9th Edition, 2019, I.D.8.1.1, and in particular T 422/93, Headnote, point 1). In the present case, in view of the problem identified above (point 2.4), the skilled person would be a notional thermal engineer, skilled in the field of thermal insulation. Even if the "skilled person" were considered to be a group of people (Op. cit., I.D.8.1.2), which might include specialists in electrospray ion sources [because the application at issue is directed to an " assembly for an electrospray ion source"'], in view of the posed technical problem of providing improved thermal insulation (as proposed by the appellant), this group would have to be assumed to include a notional thermal engineer. What is under discussion is therefore the common general knowledge in the art of thermal insulation."
• "Claim 14 therefore differs from the embodiment of Fig. 3 of D4 only in that the hollow member has "an internal evacuated space". The appellant agrees that this is the distinguishing feature of claim 14. " ...In D4: "This air gap (a cylindrical cavity filled with air, which may be referred to as a "hollow member") "can help to insulate the first gas and sample capillary from the second, heated gas" (see paragraph [0036]), i.e. it impedes the heat transfer from the second gas to the first gas."


• The Board: " the knowledge of the person skilled in thermal engineering would not be limited to a few examples of vacuum insulation which would be familiar to the average layperson. The skilled person would understand, in particular, the physical principle underlying these examples, that by reducing the pressure in a gas layer (e.g. by evacuating air from a sealed enclosure), the thermal insulation provided by the layer can be significantly increased compared with a similar gas layer at atmospheric pressure. Moreover, the skilled thermal engineer would be aware that this principle has much wider application than the examples given by the appellant.  Hence, the use of a vacuum layer in place of the insulating air layer of D4 would, at least in principle, be an obvious measure for the skilled person attempting to improve the thermal insulation."
• The Board: "The Board does not accept that an inventive step attack based on a document representing the closest prior art in combination with common general knowledge is somehow inherently flawed. On the contrary, it is settled case law that common general knowledge may be used in the assessment of inventive step. The matter was put as follows under point 2.3 of the Reasons in T 939/92: "It hardly needs re-stating that the question of inventive step can only be considered on the basis of the relevant state of the art, see Article 56 EPC. However, Article 54(2) EPC does not limit the state of the art to written disclosure in specific documents; rather it defines it as including all other ways ('in any other way') by which technical subject-matter can be made available to the public. Therefore, the absence of a reference to a particular document does not mean that there is no state of the art, as this could reside solely in the relevant common general knowledge, which, again, may or may not be in writing, i. e. in textbooks or the like, or be simply a part of the unwritten 'mental furniture' of the notional 'person skilled in the art'. It is also clear that in the case of any dispute as to the extent of the relevant common general knowledge this, like any other fact under contention, has to be proved, e.g. by documentary or oral evidence ..."."
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EPO T 1788/19 

The link to the decision is provided after the jump, as well as (an extract of) the text of the decision.

https://www.epo.org/law-practice/case-law-appeals/recent/t191788eu1.html

Reasons for the Decision

1. The appeal is admissible.

2. Claim 14 of the Main Request: Inventive Step

2.1 In the embodiment of Fig. 3 and the associated text (paragraphs [0034] to [0042]), D4 discloses an assembly for an electrospray ion source (2), comprising a capillary (26) for guiding a flow of liquid (arrow 24) which is to be electrosprayed into an ionization chamber; a first tube (28) at least partially encasing the capillary such that a first conduit (between tube 28 and capillary 26) for guiding a first (nebulizing) gas (arrow 22) is created proximate the capillary; a second tube (formed by tubular electrical insulators 52 and 54) at least partially encasing the first tube such that a second conduit (44) for guiding a second gas ("sheath gas", arrow 20) is created proximate the first tube.

At the interface between the first conduit and the second conduit there is provided an air gap formed between the outer surface of the tube 28 and the inner surface of the tubular insulator 54. This air gap (a cylindrical cavity filled with air, which may be referred to as a "hollow member") "can help to insulate the first gas and sample capillary from the second, heated gas" (see paragraph [0036]), i.e. it impedes the heat transfer from the second gas to the first gas.

2.2 Claim 14 therefore differs from the embodiment of Fig. 3 of D4 only in that the hollow member has "an internal evacuated space". The appellant agrees that this is the distinguishing feature of claim 14.

2.3 The appellant argues that this feature achieves two objectives: it provides a "lean and compact" arrangement and more efficient thermal insulation (statement of grounds of appeal, page 3, penultimate paragraph). The Board is not persuaded that the invention would provide the first of these alleged advantages. None of the claimed features would allow the dimensions of the assembly to be inferred, and hence hollow evacuated members of all shapes and sizes, including those which could not be described as "lean and compact", would fall within the ambit of claim 14.

2.4 The objective problem is therefore to provide improved thermal insulation.

2.5 The Examining Division concluded that the skilled person would be led to the claimed solution on the basis of the common general knowledge familiar to the person skilled in the art. In order to assess this argument it is first necessary to establish which "art" we are talking about and who the skilled person is.

2.6 The appellant argues (statement of grounds of appeal, passage bridging pages 2 and 3) that the skilled person "can be assumed to be a mechanical engineer having a couple of years' experience with the design and construction of electrospray ion sources for application in mass spectrometry".

However, according to the problem-solution approach, the starting point for defining the appropriate "person skilled in the art" is the objective technical problem to be solved (see Case Law of the Boards of Appeal, 9th Edition, 2019, I.D.8.1.1, and in particular T 422/93, Headnote, point 1). In the present case, in view of the problem identified above (point 2.4), the skilled person would be a notional thermal engineer, skilled in the field of thermal insulation. Even if the "skilled person" were considered to be a group of people (Op. cit., I.D.8.1.2), which might include specialists in electrospray ion sources, in view of the posed technical problem of providing improved thermal insulation (as proposed by the appellant), this group would have to be assumed to include a notional thermal engineer. What is under discussion is therefore the common general knowledge in the art of thermal insulation.

2.7 The appellant accepts that the skilled person "may be aware of specific applications of vacuum insulation, such as the well-known Dewar vessel, ... the well-known Thermos**TM bottle, as well as vacuum-insulated panels in the field of construction, all of which might be seen as part of the common general knowledge" (statement of grounds of appeal, passage bridging pages 7 and 8).

However, the knowledge of the person skilled in thermal engineering would not be limited to a few examples of vacuum insulation which would be familiar to the average layperson. The skilled person would understand, in particular, the physical principle underlying these examples, that by reducing the pressure in a gas layer (e.g. by evacuating air from a sealed enclosure), the thermal insulation provided by the layer can be significantly increased compared with a similar gas layer at atmospheric pressure. Moreover, the skilled thermal engineer would be aware that this principle has much wider application than the examples given by the appellant.

2.8 Hence, the use of a vacuum layer in place of the insulating air layer of D4 would, at least in principle, be an obvious measure for the skilled person attempting to improve the thermal insulation.

2.9 Moreover, the Board does not believe that the skilled person would find any difficulty in practically implementing such a measure. Creating an internal evacuated space would generally require the space to be sealed. The air space in D4 is already sealed at the upper end, and, as pointed out by the Examining Division (Reasons, point 5.11, in relation to the embodiment of Fig. 7) it would be obvious to replace the air layer between the tubes by sealing a vacuum between the respective tubes. Alternatively, it would be equally obvious to consider an arrangement analogous to a classical Thermos flask, i.e. to replace the air layer by a cylindrical member having hollow walls enclosing an evacuated space. Either of these measures would lead to the claimed subject-matter.

2.10 The counter-arguments of the appellant do not persuade the Board.

2.11 The Board does not accept that an inventive step attack based on a document representing the closest prior art in combination with common general knowledge is somehow inherently flawed. On the contrary, it is settled case law that common general knowledge may be used in the assessment of inventive step. The matter was put as follows under point 2.3 of the Reasons in T 939/92:

"It hardly needs re-stating that the question of inventive step can only be considered on the basis of the relevant state of the art, see Article 56 EPC. However, Article 54(2) EPC does not limit the state of the art to written disclosure in specific documents; rather it defines it as including all other ways ('in any other way') by which technical subject-matter can be made available to the public. Therefore, the absence of a reference to a particular document does not mean that there is no state of the art, as this could reside solely in the relevant common general knowledge, which, again, may or may not be in writing, i. e. in textbooks or the like, or be simply a part of the unwritten 'mental furniture' of the notional 'person skilled in the art'. It is also clear that in the case of any dispute as to the extent of the relevant common general knowledge this, like any other fact under contention, has to be proved, e.g. by documentary or oral evidence ...".

2.12 The Board also does not accept the appellant's argument that "it is impossible to determine the ambit" of common general knowledge in a given field (statement of grounds of appeal, passage bridging pages 3 and 4). In many cases such knowledge is indisputable; where there is a dispute sources such as standard textbooks may be referred to.

2.13 In relation to the appellant's argument that the textbook article D14 does not mention vacuum insulation, the mere fact that a concept does not happen to appear in a particular textbook does not mean that it cannot be acknowledged as commonly known. Rather, the converse is the case: if a concept does appear in a standard textbook it would usually be acknowledged as commonly known, but to qualify as common general knowledge, there is no requirement that it should appear in every textbook in that field.

2.14 The appellant is correct in pointing out that D4 discloses other (active) means of cooling, such as a cooling gas (paragraph [0046]) or a heat pipe (paragraph [0047]), and it appears to be argued that the skilled person would be led by D4 to adopt the disclosed active measures rather than the claimed solution.

However, according to the problem-solution approach, the skilled person is tasked with solving the objective problem, which, according to the appellant, is to provide improved thermal insulation. The disclosed active measures do not represent a solution to this problem, and hence would not lead the skilled person away from the claimed solution. While the skilled person might consider additional cooling means such as those disclosed in D4, this has no bearing on the argument that it would be obvious to solve the objective problem by incorporating the distinguishing feature of claim 14.

2.15 The appellant further argues that even if the skilled person were to consider reducing the pressure in the air gap as a means of solving the above problem, they would choose to do so in a way which would not lead to the claimed invention.

The chamber in Fig. 3 of D4 is described in paragraph [0034] as an "atmospheric pressure region 12", whereby the term "atmospheric pressure" is defined in paragraph [0033] to be a "pressure above the vacuum level, usually between about 100 Torr [133.3 mbar] and about twice the local atmospheric pressure, or higher."

The appellant argues that the skilled person might be inclined to lower the operating pressure of the chamber 12 to the lower boundary given in paragraph [0033] by increasing the outflow rate. The resulting slightly sub-atmospheric pressure (100 Torr) would also be established in the annular gap due to its open construction, but this could not be viewed as a vacuum pressure by virtue of the statement in paragraph [0033] of D4, and hence no internal evacuated space would be created as required by claim 1.

2.16 In the Board's view, this argument fails for a number of reasons.

Firstly, it is implicit that the pressure in the chamber 12 of Fig. 3 would not be chosen at random within the disclosed range, but carefully, with a view to providing the best conditions for efficient electrospray, taking into account the various flows into (sheath gas 21, nebulizing gas 22, liquid sample 24, drying gas 34) and out of (exhaust gases 40) the chamber. Having set the required chamber pressure on this basis, it is not plausible that the skilled person would then choose a means of improving the thermal insulation which would entail reducing the chamber pressure to the lowest value in the disclosed range, thereby destroying the optimised conditions for electrospray, especially as it would be evident to the skilled person that it is only the pressure in the air gap which needs to be reduced to solve the objective problem, not the pressure in the entire chamber.

It is also noted that the appellant's argument appears to be based on an uncritical acceptance of the terminology used in D4, in concluding that, even at the lowest disclosed pressure, the chamber 12 cannot be described as "evacuated". The term "evacuated", as used in the present application, is defined in paragraph [0013] of the description as "any pressure substantially below ambient and/or atmospheric pressure" (pressures of less than 100 mbar being said to be "suitable", and pressures lower than one millibar being particularly preferred). A chamber pressure reduced to 100 Torr, as disclosed in D4, must be considered to be substantially below standard atmospheric pressure (760 Torr), and hence a chamber at this pressure would, according to normal terminology and that of the present application, be "evacuated". The fact that the prior art document D4 adopts the somewhat eccentric definition that 100 Torr may be designated "atmospheric pressure" is irrelevant.

Finally, even if the Board were to accept the appellant's arguments in this regard (which, for the reasons given above, it does not) this would merely establish that reducing the pressure in the chamber would be one obvious way of solving the objective problem. But this would not invalidate the argument that the solutions set out above under point 2.9 would also be obvious to the skilled person. An obvious solution to a technical problem is not rendered any less obvious by the existence of a further obvious solution.

2.17 The Board does not accept the argument that the skilled person would, at the priority date of the present application, have had difficulty in arriving at a suitable vacuum arrangement, for example, capable of operating at high temperatures, as set out in paragraph [0068] of the description. The Board sees no evidence that the skilled thermal engineer, using the common general knowledge in the art, would have encountered such difficulties, and this would appear to be borne out by the statement of the accompanying person at oral proceedings that the invention was put into practice using a vacuum insulation device which "existed in the market already", and was not the invention of the appellant. For completeness it is noted that if the Board had accepted this argument, an objection under Article 83 EPC would have arisen, since the application does not disclose the technical means whereby the alleged difficulties might be overcome.

2.18 For the above reasons, the Board judges that the subject-matter of claim 14 of the main request does not involve an inventive step within the meaning of Articles 52(1) and 56 EPC, and hence the main request cannot be allowed.