Key points
- Claim 1 reads: "A solution with an effective amount of treprostinil sodium for use in a method of reducing the occurrence of a blood stream infection in a human suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension and being treated with tresprostinil, said solution being obtainable by a process comprising diluting a starting solution of treprostinil sodium with a buffer comprising glycine and having a pH of greater than 10."
- "The appellants [=opponents] essentially argued that the method of reducing the occurrence of a blood stream infection in a human referred to in claim 1, was not a method of treatment within the meaning of Article 53(c) EPC because the antibacterial effect of the glycine occurred outside of the human body."
- The opponents: " It was apparent from the disclosure of the patent that the antibacterial effect of the glycine solution occurred outside of the human body. There was no teaching that the solution exerts an in vivo antibacterial effect."
- "The Board does not concur with the positions expressed by the appellants. The glycine-containing treprostinil solution of claim 1 is administered to humans suffering from PAH. This administration results in a therapeutic effect on the humans, namely the prevention of blood stream infection ... The method incorporated in claim 1 is therefore of therapeutic nature in the sense of Article 53(c) EPC and limits the scope of the claim in accordance with Article 54(5) EPC."
- However, "the subject-matter of claim 1 of auxiliary request 1 lacks an inventive step"
- The Board: "It follows that it was known to the skilled person that the use of a glycine buffer at a pH greater than 10 would have an effect on reducing the gram negative bacteria and inhibiting the growth of gram positive bacteria, and hence, an effect on reducing the occurrence of a blood stream infection when injected in a pharmaceutical solution."
- "The subject-matter of claim 1 of auxiliary request 2 has been reformulated as a method claim, namely a "method of reducing the occurrence of a blood stream infection in a human suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension and being treated with treprostinil, wherein said method reduces the gram negative bacteria and inhibits the growth of gram positive bacteria, the method comprising administering a solution comprising treprostinil sodium in a concentration between 0.001 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL...", which corresponds to the medical indication originally claimed in claim 1 of the main request.
- "Based on the Board's conclusion that claim 1 of the main request was a purpose limited product claim under Article 54(5) EPC, it must be concluded that the method claim of auxiliary request 3 falls under the exclusion from patentability under Article 53(c) EPC. The reduction of the occurrence of blood stream infection relates indeed clearly to a method for treatment of the human or animal body by therapy, which is excluded from patentability by Article 53(c) EPC."
- As to the CPA, "The respondent [patentee] contested the choice of D1 as the closest prior art. Nonetheless, it failed to indicate in due time a suitable alternative document to be used as the closest prior art."
- "The Board recalls that the claimed subject-matter must involve an inventive step vis-à-vis each document of the prior art. If the person skilled in the art has a priori the choice between several documents of the state of the art as reasonable starting points, the inventive step can indeed only be effectively recognized after having applied the problem-solution approach to each of the options (T 967/97, T 21/08). If one of the options highlights the obviousness, then there is no inventive step. The problem-solution approach may thus need to be repeated for each of said options considered by those skilled in the art as reasonable starting points (T 710/97)."
4. Auxiliary request 1 - Inventive step
4.1 The invention relates to buffer solutions having bacteriostatic and/or bactericidal activity (see par. [0001]).
4.1.1 Independent claim 1 is drafted in the form of a purpose-related product claim pursuant to Article 54(5) EPC. This article acknowledges the novelty of substances or compositions, even if they form part of the prior art, provided they are claimed for a new specific use in a method, which is excluded pursuant to Article 53(c) EPC, such as a method for treatment of the human/animal body by therapy.
4.1.2 In the present case, claim 1 relates to a solution "for use in a method of reducing the occurrence of a blood stream infection in a human suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension and being treated with treprostinil, wherein said method reduces the gram negative bacteria and inhibits the growth of gram positive bacteria...".
The respondent argued repeatedly and consistently in the opposition and appeal proceedings that claim 1 had to be considered as a "medical use claim", since the claimed use and the reduction of the occurrence of infection are observed in vivo. The opposition division took the same view in its decision. The drafting of claim 1 also clearly corresponds to a composition for use in a method referred to in Article 53(c) EPC.
The appellants essentially argued that the method of reducing the occurrence of a blood stream infection in a human referred to in claim 1, was not a method of treatment within the meaning of Article 53(c) EPC because the antibacterial effect of the glycine occurred outside of the human body. This position was supported in the appellants view by decision T 611/09. It followed that claim 1 of auxiliary request 1 could not be regarded as a purpose-limited product claim pursuant to Article 54(5) EPC.
The Board does not concur with the positions expressed by the appellants. The glycine-containing treprostinil solution of claim 1 is administered to humans suffering from PAH. This administration results in a therapeutic effect on the humans, namely the prevention of blood stream infection, which, as observed by the opposition division (see point 37 of the decision) is supported by the experimental data disclosed in the patent and in document D24. The method incorporated in claim 1 is therefore of therapeutic nature in the sense of Article 53(c) EPC and limits the scope of the claim in accordance with Article 54(5) EPC.
4.1.3 As to the appellants reference to T 611/09 the following is noted. Claim 1 of the main request (drafted in the "Swiss-type" format), referred to the use of a lock solution in the treatment of a bacterial infection and in the prevention of a substantial risk of infection. In point 4.1.2 of the decision the Board came to the conclusion that the antibacterial activity of the solution took place in the lumen, i.e. in a part of the catheter that is located outside of the human or animal body. On that basis, the Board concluded that the use recited in claim 1 was not a therapeutic one in the sense of Article 52(4) EPC 1973. A fundamental aspect of the Board's reasoning was an observation based on the disclosure of the contested patent, namely that the citrate in the lock solution was "inactivated by calcium in the blood or calcium derived from body stores...and can therefore not exert any therapeutic effect within the human or animal body".
In contrast to the situation underlying decision T 611/09 there is however no indication in the present case that the glycine composition is inactivated upon entering the human body. Moreover, no discussion is made in T 611/09 in relation to the use of the lock solution in the prevention of an infection. As explained in point 4.1.2 above, in the present case the administration of the solution results in a therapeutic effect on the humans namely the prevention of blood stream infection.
The Board notes that this conclusion is in line with T 2147/18 (see point 5.3).
4.2 The opposition division considered D1 to be the closest prior art. D1 was also the choice of appellants 01 and 02.
D1 discloses in example 1 the administration of treprostinil for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in a glycine buffer at pH 10.5 at various doses, i.e. 100ng, 300ng, 1myg and 3myg/kg/min. D1 indicates that the injectable formulations comprise between 0.1 to 5% w/v of the active agent (see page 5, lines 48-55).
This document does not disclose the buffer capacity and the effectiveness in reducing the gram negative bacteria and inhibiting the growth of gram positive bacteria, with the effect of reducing the occurrence of blood stream infection. The respondent also considered that the claimed concentration was not disclosed in D1. The Board notes that the disclosed range limit of 0.1 wt% falls within the range of claim 1. However, having regard to the fact that example 1 of D1 does not contain any reference to the passage of page 5, it will be assumed that the concentration of treprostinil constitutes also a further distinguishing feature.
4.3 The respondent contested the choice of D1 as the closest prior art. Nonetheless, it failed to indicate in due time a suitable alternative document to be used as the closest prior art. Indeed, in its written submissions it relied on D24 as the closest prior art which is however a document published after the filing date of the opposed patent. Then, for the first time during the oral proceedings, it presented arguments starting from D7 as the closest prior art.
4.3.1 The Board recalls that the claimed subject-matter must involve an inventive step vis-à-vis each document of the prior art. If the person skilled in the art has a priori the choice between several documents of the state of the art as reasonable starting points, the inventive step can indeed only be effectively recognized after having applied the problem-solution approach to each of the options (T 967/97, T 21/08). If one of the options highlights the obviousness, then there is no inventive step. The problem-solution approach may thus need to be repeated for each of said options considered by those skilled in the art as reasonable starting points (T 710/97).
4.3.2 Regardless of whether D7 could be a considered as the closest prior art, the Board is of the view that D1 represents a reasonable starting point for the assessment of inventive step for the following reasons.
The claimed invention aims at reducing the occurrence of a blood stream infection in a human suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension and being treated with treprostinil. Any document disclosing the treatment or prevention of pulmonary arterial hypertension with the same active ingredient is a relevant document that can potentially be used as a starting point for the assessment of inventive step. This requirement is fulfilled by a number of documents on file, including D1. Moreover, the absence of the mention of a further possible reduction of a blood stream infection in D1 does not disqualify this document as possible closest prior art, since the specific medical indication of the reduction of a blood stream infection is intrinsically linked with the general treatment of the same patients for the same general indication of PAH. There is no teaching in the contested patent that the claimed compositions have to be used for reducing the occurrence of a blood stream infection in general and in any patient, said teaching being limited to the treatment of patients suffering from PAH and being treated with treprostinil.
4.3.3 The respondent also argued that D1 was not a suitable closest prior art since it disclosed the "solution" of the invention, namely the presence of a glycine-containing buffer in the treprostinil solution. The Board understands that the inventors addressed the problem of reducing the risk of blood stream infection associated with the administration of treprostinil and solved this problem by adding a glycine containing buffer to the composition. However, as discussed above, the presence of an inventive step must be shown vis-à-vis any prior art document and in its assessment the judging body is not obliged to follow the same path taken by the inventors to arrive at the invention. Thus, the fact that a document discloses the feature regarded by the inventors as "the solution" of the problem they wanted to solve, is not a bar to selecting this document as the closest prior art for the assessment of inventive step.
4.4 The opposition division in its decision formulated the technical problem over D1 as the provision of a composition which reduces the occurrence of blood steam infections. Appellant 01 defined the problem in an identical way during the oral proceedings before the Board.
In the written proceedings, the respondent concurred with this definition of the problem.
During the oral proceedings before the Board, the respondent however also defined the problem as the provision of a new use for the claimed buffer solution.
Having regard to the disclosure of D1, the Board agrees with the respondent that the technical problem should be seen in the provision of a new use of a glycine-containing treprostinil composition.
4.5 In the Board's view, the subject-matter of claim 1 represents an obvious solution to this problem.
4.5.1 With regard to the concentration of treprostinil, D11 discloses the preparation of solutions of treprostinil comprising 0.004 and 0.13 mg/mL treprostinil sodium in sterile water for injection and 0.9% sodium chloride injection (see e.g. Abstract). Moreover, document D1 indicates that the injectable formulations comprise between 0.1 to 5% w/v of the active agent treprostinil (see page 5, lines 48-55), with therefore an explicit disclosure of 0.1 w/v%. Thus, the concentration range of treprostinil recited in claim 1, i.e. 0.004 mg/ml to 0.13 mg/ml, is known in the art and is the usual concentration range of treprostinil when used in solutions. Moreover, this claimed feature does not contribute to the solution of any of the problems as posed.
4.5.2 With regard to the buffer capacity of 0.01 or less, D25 and D26 are textbook references which were cited by the appellants. D25 mentions on page 140 that pharmaceutical buffers for medicinal compositions for injections must have a low buffer capacity, and that in the case of high buffer capacity, they would resist change and interfere with the normal pH and buffer mechanisms of the body, in particular the blood pH. D26 confirms on page 233 that buffers for injectable solutions must have a low buffer capacity, in order to not interfere with the normal pH of body fluids. The use of a buffer with a low capacity, such as 0.01 or less is therefore a normal and a standard measure in the field of pharmaceutical solutions for injection.
4.5.3 Thus, neither the buffer capacity nor the treprostinil concentration provide an inventive contribution to the subject-matter of claim 1. In this regard the Board notes that the respondent did not present any argument as to the relevance of these features for the assessment of inventive step.
4.5.4 With regard to the effectiveness of the glycine buffer in reducing the occurrence of a blood stream infection by reducing the gram negative bacteria and inhibiting the growth of gram positive bacteria, the Board observes that glycine was already known as antibacterial agent against gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
D31 discloses the inhibitory effect of glycine on bacterial growth and shows an activity on several gram positive bacteria through an action on the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan (See Abstract, Table 1). This document mentions also that the inhibitory effect of glycine had been known for a long time and cites several bibliographic references (see page 1029, left-hand column, first par.).
D4 describes the antibacterial effect of glycine on the gram negative bacteria Helicobacter pylori in vitro, and mentions that glycine may be used as a non-specific antiseptic agent due to its low level toxicity in animals (see Abstract).
D2 and D3 are textbook references which both disclose that pH is an important factor influencing bacterial growth, and that pH values over 10 are not optimal for bacteria (see D2, Figure 5.13 and D3, Figure 14).
It follows that it was known to the skilled person that the use of a glycine buffer at a pH greater than 10 would have an effect on reducing the gram negative bacteria and inhibiting the growth of gram positive bacteria, and hence, an effect on reducing the occurrence of a blood stream infection when injected in a pharmaceutical solution.
Thus, the skilled person would have obviously considered using a treprostinil composition containing glycine to prevent or lessen a well known-side effect of treprostinil, namely the occurrence of bacterial infections.
4.5.5 Finally, the Board is not convinced by the respondent's argument, presented for the first time during the oral proceedings before the Board, that the claimed invention represents a solution to an unrecognized problem and can therefore be regarded as a "problem invention". A "problem invention" relates to a situation wherein a technical problem had not been recognized previously in the prior art.
This is obviously not the case here, in view of at least document D7, which describes the occurrence of blood stream infections among patients treated with intravenous treprostinil.
4.6 Consequently, the subject-matter of claim 1 of auxiliary request 1 lacks an inventive step, and the main request does not meet the requirements of Article 56 EPC.
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