15 August 2018

R 0008/17 - No need to deal with written argument

Key points

  • From now on, I will also discuss unsuccessful petitions for review cases, if they are interesting because of the guidance they give to the procedural framework of the appeal proceedings. 
  • In reviewed decision T 1477/15, the Board had found the subject-matter at issue to be inventive (by the way, it was the third decision in the same opposition, after T 468/09 and T 801/13). 
  • " One of the petitioner’s [opponent's] complaints is that the written arguments on documents D2 and D4 as closest prior art were not reflected in the written reasons and thus ignored by the Board. This amounted to a fundamental violation of its right to be heard." 
  • The Enlarged Board: " The Board [BoA] explained in some detail in the written decision why it did not allow a discussion on documents D2 and D4 as possible starting points for assessing inventive step in the second oral proceedings. [The complaint against that decision regarding the oral proceedings, was already found inadmissible] It can therefore not be assumed that the position the Board took on this procedural issue was incorrect. Viewed from that perspective, the Board cannot be criticised for not considering any further the petitioner’s written submissions on D2 and D4 as closest prior art. Indeed, it would have been highly questionable and contradictory to deal in substance with an argument of a party in the written reasons after not allowing a discussion on it in the oral proceedings. The procedural situation in the present case differed from the situation where arguments of a non-attending party are not reflected in the decision." 
  • Contrast this with the statement that "Taken as a whole, the RPBA make it clear that appeal proceedings are primarily written in nature"  (CLBA IV.E.4.2.4). 
  • As a further comment, the Court of Appeal The Hague found the subject-matter to be obvious  with D4  (Rodsten) as the closest prior art (ECLI:NL:GHDHA:2018:513, paras. 2.15,  4.10, 4.22 and 4.25). 



R 0008/17  - link



26. One of the petitioner’s complaints is that the written arguments on documents D2 and D4 as closest prior art were not reflected in the written reasons and thus ignored by the Board. This amounted to a fundamental violation of its right to be heard.
27. As already summarised (see section IV(a) and point 22 above), the Board explained in some detail in the written decision why it did not allow a discussion on documents D2 and D4 as possible starting points for assessing inventive step in the second oral proceedings. It is not a matter for the Enlarged Board to review the merits of the petitioner’s complaint concerning the non-allowance of the discussion as such, since the petition is regarded as inadmissible in that respect (see point 13 above). It can therefore not be assumed that the position the Board took on this procedural issue was incorrect. Viewed from that perspective, the Board cannot be criticised for not considering any further the petitioner’s written submissions on D2 and D4 as closest prior art. Indeed, it would have been highly questionable and contradictory to deal in substance with an argument of a party in the written reasons after not allowing a discussion on it in the oral proceedings. The procedural situation in the present case differed from the situation where arguments of a non-attending party are not reflected in the decision.

14 August 2018

T 0548/13 - Esthetically pleasing but not technical

Key points
  • Claim 1 is for a security element (e.g. a bank note) having to security features at opposed sides. The distinguishing feature G is that the security features are different view of the same motive (for instance a front view and a rear view of an eagle). The Board considers this to be a non-technical feature, which therefore does not provide for inventive step, because the feature does not provide for inventive step, but is only esthetically pleasant.
  • "Die [patentee] hat keinen anderen technischen Effekt als den der erhöhten Fälschungssicherheit geltend gemacht [the Board did not accept this alleged effect of the feature]. Die Kammer kann auch keinen anderen technischen Effekt erkennen. Der eigentliche Effekt des Merkmals G scheint psychologischer Natur zu sein. Dem Betrachter, der eine anspruchsgemäße Banknote betrachtet und entdeckt, dass die Vorderseite z.B. einen Adler darstellt und dass die Rückseite denselben Adler von hinten zeigt, könnte diese Entdeckung ein gewisses ästhetisches Vergnügen bereiten oder ihm das Gefühl vermitteln, er habe ein besonders sorgfältig hergestelltes oder originelles Produkt vor sich. Solche rein mentalen Wirkungen sind jedoch subjektiv und können nicht als technische Wirkungen im Sinne des EPÜ und seiner Auslegung durch die Beschwerdekammern gelten."


EPO T 0548/13 - link


Claim 1:
"1. [A] Sicherheitselement, das [B] wenigstens zwei unterschiedliche Sicherheitsmerkmale aufweist, die [C] auf gegenüberliegenden Seiten des Sicherheitselements angeordnet sind, wobei wenigstens eines der [D2] Sicherheitsmerkmale optisch variabel ist und [F] die Sicherheitsmerkmale so auf dem Sicherheitselement angeordnet sind, dass bei Betrachtung des Sicherheitselements von einer Seite jeweils nur eines der Sicherheitsmerkmale erkennbar ist,
wobei [G] die Sicherheitsmerkmale unterschiedliche Ansichten des gleichen Motivs darstellen."

Entscheidungsgründe


3. Anspruchsauslegung



3.1 "Sicherheitselement"


Auf dem Gebiet der Wertdokumente werden Merkmale, die für eine Verifikation genutzt werden können und somit die Fälschungssicherheit erhöhen, in der Regel als "Sicherheitsmerkmale" bezeichnet. Komponenten von Wertdokumenten, die (mindestens) ein Sicherheitsmerkmal aufweisen, werden als "Sicherheitselemente" bezeichnet. Wertdokumente weisen in der Regel Sicherheitselemente - und somit auch Sicherheitsmerkmale - auf, aber der Fachmann würde ein Wertdokument als solches nicht als Sicherheitselement verstehen. Der Grund dafür liegt darin, dass ein Element ein Baustein oder Bestandteil ist und nicht die Gesamtheit der Bestandteile.

13 August 2018

T 1481/14 - Principle of free evidence

Key points

  • The appellant had argued that E17 filed by the respondent, should not be admitted, because it was an experimental protocol and not in the form of a sworn statement in writing (article 117(1)(g) EPC. The Board does not agree. 
  • " Der Beschwerdeführer hat ferner argumentiert, das Versuchsprotokoll E17 müsse unberücksichtigt bleiben, weil es nicht in Form einer eidlichen Erklärung abgegeben wurde, entgegen Artikel 117 (1) g) EPÜ. Das EPÜ sieht aber nicht vor, dass bestimmte Tatsachenfragen nur mit Hilfe bestimmter Beweismittel nachgewiesen werden können. Aus Artikel 117 (1) EPÜ ergibt sich das Recht der Erbringung geeigneter Beweise. Artikel 117 (1) EPÜ enthält keine abschließende Aufzählung der zulässigen Beweismittel, sondern nennt lediglich Beispiele - darunter die Abgabe einer schriftlichen Erklärung unter Eid (Artikel 117 (1) g) EPÜ). Deshalb ist die Beschwerdegegnerin 1 in der Wahl ihrer Beweismittel zum Beleg ihrer Behauptung der unzureichenden Offenbarung frei." 


T 1481/14 - link

5. Berücksichtigung von E17 im Verfahren
5.1 Im Gegensatz zur Auffassung des Beschwerdeführers hat die Kammer kein Ermessen, das Versuchsprotokoll [experimental protocol] E17 unberücksichtigt zu lassen (Artikel 114 (2) EPÜ und Artikel 12 (4) VOBK). Dieses Dokument ist mit der Einspruchsschrift der Beschwerdegegnerin 1 eingereicht worden und die angefochtene Entscheidung stützt sich darauf (siehe Gründe Nr. 10).
5.2 Der Beschwerdeführer hat ferner argumentiert, das Versuchsprotokoll E17 müsse unberücksichtigt bleiben, weil es nicht in Form einer eidlichen Erklärung abgegeben wurde, entgegen Artikel 117 (1) g) EPÜ. Das EPÜ sieht aber nicht vor, dass bestimmte Tatsachenfragen nur mit Hilfe bestimmter Beweismittel nachgewiesen werden können. Aus Artikel 117 (1) EPÜ ergibt sich das Recht der Erbringung geeigneter Beweise. Artikel 117 (1) EPÜ enthält keine abschließende Aufzählung der zulässigen Beweismittel, sondern nennt lediglich Beispiele - darunter die Abgabe einer schriftlichen Erklärung unter Eid (Artikel 117 (1) g) EPÜ). Deshalb ist die Beschwerdegegnerin 1 in der Wahl ihrer Beweismittel zum Beleg ihrer Behauptung der unzureichenden Offenbarung frei.


10 August 2018

G 2301/15 - G 2302/15 - G 2301/16 - No removal Board Member

Key points

  • The new President of the EPO has, at the start of his term, allowed the publication of three decision taken by the  Enlarged Board on three requests for proposal for removal of a Board Member (the same Board Member, as is by now quite well known).
  • The decision were already taken in 2015 and 2016, but apparently it was decided to not publish them on the EPO website during the term of the previous President, even though the Enlarged Board had stated in G 2302/15 that "the decision will be published, account being taken of confidentiality requirements". The Enlarged Board had also stated that: " The respondent (= the Board Member) requested re-publication of the decision in case [G2301/15], which was removed from public access shortly after being published [on the EPO website]." 
  • I consider EPO internal law (and politics) to be outside of the scope of this weblog, and note these decisions by way of exception. The reason is that I consider their publication on the EPO website to be a positive sign.
  • Comments are turned off for this post. 



G 2301/15  Headnote
1. The law-making bodies have so shaped the proceedings for a decision for a proposal under Article 23(1) EPC that they take proper judicial form. The arrangements laid down in Articles 2(5) RPEBA and Article 10 BDS/EBA for the composition of the Enlarged Board of Appeal in proceedings under Article 23(1) EPC are compatible with the European Patent Convention and general principles of law.
2. Article 12a(5) RPEBA requires that the request under Article 12a(1) RPEBA specify individual incidents and the evidence for them, and give reasons why they constitute a serious ground within the meaning of Article 23(1) EPC.


G 2301/16
For the Enlarged Board to be able to continue with these proceedings the position of the Petitioner [Administrative Council] would have to be that it did not agree with the Office President and acknowledged that, from an institutional point of view, the pressure exercised by the Office President in the present case was incompatible with the judicial independence of the Enlarged Board guaranteed by the EPC. As the Petitioner did not clearly distance itself from the Office President’s position, there is the threat of disciplinary measures against the members of the Enlarged Board. It is then the Enlarged Board’s judicial independence in deciding on this case which is fundamentally denied.


G 2301/15 - link
G 2302/15 - link
G 2301/16 - link


09 August 2018

T 0378/15 - Wikipedia not admissible

Key points

  • Opponent files Wikipedia extracts with the appeal. The Board does not admit them.
  •  "However, the reliability of the information contained in these specific articles of Wikipedia cannot be assessed and/or there is no evidence that the content of those documents was made available to the public before the effective date of filing of the patent in suit. Accordingly, and independently from the question whether or not there was any justification to submit those documents on appeal, those documents cannot be used to prove common general knowledge available at the effective date of the patent in suit and therefore cannot be held to relate in its broadest sense to the case under appeal. "
  • This is a repost, because the first time the post was published prematurely.



EPO T 0378/15 -  link




1.6 A1, A2, A4 and A5 are extracts of Wikipedia cited by opponent 2 in order to demonstrate the meaning to be attributed to certain terms contained in claim 1 as maintained by the opposition division (A1 and A2) or to analyse the disclosure of embodiment 2 of E11 regarding the amount of carbon fibers contained in the composition described therewith. However, the reliability of the information contained in these specific articles of Wikipedia cannot be assessed and/or there is no evidence that the content of those documents was made available to the public before the effective date of filing of the patent in suit. Accordingly, and independently from the question whether or not there was any justification to submit those documents on appeal, those documents cannot be used to prove common general knowledge available at the effective date of the patent in suit and therefore cannot be held to relate in its broadest sense to the case under appeal. Accordingly, the Board makes use of its discretionary power under Article 12(4) RPBA to hold documents A1, A2, A4 and A5 as inadmissible.

08 August 2018

T 1456/14 - Examining what is disclosed

Key points

  • The Board decides that a feature is implicitly disclosed in the prior art (a ratio between circumferences of openings in the prior art device).
  • The Board in informal translation: "The presence of an implicit (or even explicit) device feature in a known device is not a question of the likelihood of attracting the attention of the skilled person to this feature or not, but whether the citation purely objectively realizes the feature. The criterium of "direct and unambiguous disclosure" does not presuppose that the person skilled in the art, even without the knowledge of the patent, must recognize the feature, but that the examination of the disclosure is carried out with the eyes and the understanding of the skilled person, but by an organ of the EPO and deliberately targeted, in full knowledge of the characteristic to be identified." 


T 1456/14 - link

3.3 Die Umfangslängen der gemäß den Figuren 4 und 5 rechteckigen Öffnungen sind nicht bekannt, so dass die Gesamtlänge der beiden Dichtungslinien nicht explizit in D14 offenbart wird. Anspruch 1 ist auf ein Verhältnis zwischen der Gesamtlänge und der Fläche gerichtet. Die fehlende Offenbarung der Gesamtlänge in D14 ist für die Frage der Neuheit solange unerheblich, wie gezeigt werden kann, dass das fragliche Verhältnis in D14 vorhanden ist, und zwar zweifellos. Der Beweis, dass das so ist, kann auch durch den Nachweis erfolgen, dass bereits ein kleinerer, und von der Vorrichtung in D14 unvermeidlich übertroffener Zahlenwert das beanspruchte Verhältnis erfüllt, so dass auch die Vorrichtung in D14 unvermeidlich dieses Verhältnis aufweisen muss.

Denn für die Beurteilung der Neuheit ist es im vorliegenden Fall grundsätzlich unerheblich, ob die allgemeinen Zusammenhänge zwischen Umfang und Fläche des Quadrats oder des Rechtecks für den Fachmann geläufig sind oder nicht. Es ist auch unerheblich, ob der Fachmann das fragliche Verhältnis aus den Zeichnungen des D14 von selbst, ohne eine gezielte Suche erkennen würde. Das Vorhandensein eines impliziten (oder auch expliziten) Vorrichtungsmerkmals in einer bekannten Vorrichtung ist keine Frage der Wahrscheinlichkeit, ob die Aufmerksamkeit des Fachmanns genau auf dieses Merkmal gelenkt wurde oder nicht, sondern ob die Entgegenhaltung das Merkmal rein objektiv verwirklicht. Das Kriterium der "unmittelbaren und eindeutigen Offenbarung" setzt nicht voraus, dass der Fachmann auch ohne Kenntnis des Patents das Merkmal erkennen muss, sondern dass die Prüfung der Offenbarung zwar mit den Augen und dem Verständnis des Fachmanns, aber von einem Organ des EPA und bewusst gezielt, in voller Kenntnis des zu identifizierenden Merkmals durchgeführt wird.
Im Gegensatz zur Sichtweise der Beschwerdegegnerin stellt eine solche Betrachtung keine unzulässige Berücksichtigung von Äquivalenten dar, da hierdurch die in D14 enthaltene Information nicht verändert wird. Wenn die abgeschätzte kleinere Gesamtlänge das beanspruchte Verhältnis erfüllt, folgt aus Gründen der Logik, dass die wirkliche Gesamtlänge aller Dichtungslinien in D14 erst recht das Verhältnis erfüllen muss. Diese Gesamtlänge würde dann herangezogen, um fehlende Neuheit zu belegen.

07 August 2018

T 0224/18 - Disregarding the examples


Key points
  • In this examination appeal, the ED considered the (medical) technical effect not credible, because "the technical effect proposed by the applicant cannot be derived from the application, the only reference therein being a study performed by the applicant itself." I note that the application refers to trials with more than 300 subjects.
  • The Board considers this to be a "fundamental deficiency" (i.e. substantive, not procedural) and remits the case.
  • "it is established case law that the verification of whether or not the claimed subject-matter actually provides the alleged effect must be based on the data in the application []. The assumption of the contested decision to the contrary is an error of judgement on the part of the examining division and constitutes a fundamental deficiency in the examination proceedings."

EPO T 0224/18 -   link

Reasons for the Decision

1. According to Article 11 RPBA, a board shall remit a case to the department of first instance if fundamental deficiencies are apparent in the first-instance proceedings.



2. In the contested decision the examining division "dismissed the alleged advantage" of the invention as "the technical effect proposed by the applicant cannot be derived from the application, the only reference therein being a study performed by the applicant itself."



3. As the appellant rightly argues, it is established case law that the verification of whether or not the claimed subject-matter actually provides the alleged effect must be based on the data in the application (see "Case Law of the Boards of Appeal", 8th Edition, I.D.4.6). The assumption of the contested decision to the contrary is an error of judgement on the part of the examining division and constitutes a fundamental deficiency in the examination proceedings. This error of judgement has apparently impeded the examining division from assessing the data provided in the application and hence hindered the proper examination of the application from the very outset. It cannot be ruled out that this error of judgement has even impeded the examining division from properly construing the claimed invention. Thus, the case has to be examined afresh, based on data available in the application as originally filed. Further, the submissions and arguments of the appellant have to be reassessed.



4. The board, however, will not assume the examination of the application itself, since this is the task of the examining division (see G 10/93, point 4 of the reasons). Thus, the board remits the case for further prosecution to the examining division (Article 111(1) EPC; Article 11 RPBA).